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If you're interested what's jet fuel...read on.
SAFETY DATA SHEET
Jet-A1
1. Identification of substance
Identification of substance/preparation: Aviation Kerosine Alternative names: Jet A, Jet A-1, AVTUR, JP5, JP8. Application Jet fuel, do not use for other purposes For specific application advice see appropriate Technical Data Sheet or consult your BP representative
Company identification: Air BP International BP House Breakspear Way Hemel Hempstead Hertfordshire, HP2 4UL Emergency Telephone Number (44) 0171-496-4000
2. Composition
Chemical composition: A mixture of kerosene streams May contain small quantities of proprietary performance additives.
Hazardous components: Kerosine (petroleum). EINECS No: 232-366-4, CAS No: 8008-20-6, F, Xi, R10 Flammable, R38 Irritating to skin, R52/53 Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment, R65 Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed.
3. Hazards identification
Flammable Harmful if swallowed - aspiration hazard. Likely to cause skin irritation.4. First-aid measures
Eyes: Wash eye thoroughly with copious quantities of water, ensuring eyelids are held open. Obtain medical advice if any pain or redness develops or persists.
Skin: Wash skin thoroughly with soap and water as soon as reasonably practicable. Remove heavily contaminated clothing and wash underlying skin. Medical advice must be obtained urgently if product under high pressure has been injected through the skin.
Ingestion: If contamination of the mouth occurs, wash out thoroughly with water. Except as a deliberate act, the ingestion of large amounts of product is unlikely. If it should occur, do not induce vomiting; obtain medical advice.
Inhalation: If fumes are inhaled the patient should be removed to fresh air and if recovery is not immediate, medical assistance must be called without delay. If breathing has failed respiration must be assisted, preferably by mouth to mouth method.
Medical advice: Product can be aspirated on swallowing or following regurgitation of stomach contents, and can cause severe and potentially fatal chemical pneumonitis, which will require urgent treatment. Because of the risk of aspiration, induction of vomiting and gastric lavage should be avoided. Gastric lavage should be undertaken only after endotrachael intubation. Monitor for cardiac dysrhythmias.
Note: High pressure applications Injections through the skin resulting from contact with the product at high pressure constitute a major medical emergency. Injuries may not appear serious at first but within a few hours tissue becomes swollen, discoloured and extremely painful with extensive subcutaneous necrosis. Surgical exploration should be undertaken without delay. Thorough and extensive debridement of the wound and underlying tissue is necessary to minimise tissue loss and prevent or limit permanent damage. Note that high pressure may force the product considerable distances along tissue planes.
5. Fire-fighting measures
For major fires call the Fire Service. Ensure an escape path is always available from any fire. There is a danger of flashback if sparks or hot surfaces ignite vapour. Use foam, dry powder or water fog. DO NOT USE water jets. FIRES IN CONFINED SPACES SHOULD BE DEALT WITH BY TRAINED PERSONNEL WEARING APPROVED BREATHING APPARATUS.
Combustion products: Toxic fumes may be evolved on burning or exposure to heat. See Stability and Reactivity, Section 10 of this Safety Data Sheet.
6. Accidental release measures
Any spillage should be regarded as a potential fire risk. In the event of spillage, remove all sources of ignition and ensure good ventilation. Wear protective clothing. See Exposure Controls/Personal Protection, section 8, of this Safety Data Sheet. Spilled material may make surfaces slippery. Clean up spilled material immediately. Contain and recover spilled material using sand or other suitable inert absorbent material. Recovery of large spillages should be effected by specialist personnel. It is advised that stocks of suitable absorbent material should be held in quantities sufficient to deal with any spillage which may be reasonably anticipated.
Large and uncontained spillages should be smothered with foam to reduce the risk of ignition. The foam blanket should be maintained until the area is declared safe. Protect drains from potential spills to minimise contamination. Do not wash product into drainage system. Vapour is heavier than air and may travel to remote sources of ignition (eg. along drainage systems, in basements etc.). If spillage has occurred in a confined space, ensure adequate ventilation and check that a safe, breathable atmosphere is present before entry. In the case of spillage on water, prevent the spread of product by the use of suitable barrier equipment. Recover product from the surface. Protect environmentally sensitive areas and water supplies. In the case of spillage at sea approved dispersants may be used where authorised by the appropriate government/regulatory authorities. In the event of spillages contact the appropriate authorities. Regular surveillance on the location of the spillage should be maintained.
7. Handling and storage
Storage conditions: Store and dispense only in well ventilated areas away from heat and sources of ignition. Store and use only in equipment/containers designed for use with this product. Containers must be properly labelled and kept closed when not in use. Do not remove warning labels from containers. Empty packages may contain some remaining product. Retain hazard warning labels on empty packages as a guide to the safe handling, storage and disposal of empty packaging. Do not enter storage tanks without breathing apparatus unless the tank has been well ventilated and the tank atmosphere has been shown to contain hydrocarbon vapour concentrations of less than 1% of the lower flammability limit and an oxygen concentration of at least 20% volume. Always have sufficient people standing by outside the tank with appropriate breathing apparatus and equipment to effect a quick rescue.
Handling precautions: Avoid, as far as reasonably practicable, inhalation of vapour, mists or fumes generated during use. Avoid contact with skin and observe good personal hygiene. Avoid contact with eyes. If splashing is likely to occur wear a full face visor or chemical goggles as appropriate. Do not siphon product by mouth. Whilst using do not eat, drink or smoke. Wash hands thoroughly after contact. Take all necessary precautions against accidental spillage into soil or water.
Fire prevention: Light hydrocarbon vapours can build up in the headspace of tanks. These can cause flammability/explosion hazards even at temperatures below the normal flash point (note: flash point must not be regarded as a reliable indicator of the potential flammability of vapour in tank headspaces). Tank headspaces should always be regarded as potentially flammable and care should be taken to avoid static electrical discharge and all ignition sources during filling, ullaging and sampling from storage tanks. When the product is pumped (e.g. during filling, discharge or ullaging) and when sampling, there is a risk of static discharge. Ensure equipment used is properly earthed or bonded to the tank structure. Product contaminated rags, paper or material used to absorb spillages, represent a fire hazard, and should not be allowed to accumulate. Dispose of safely immediately after use. Empty containers represent a fire hazard as they may contain some remaining flammable product and vapour. Never cut, weld, solder or braze empty containers.
8. Exposure controls
Exposure limits: There is no appropriate occupational exposure limit for this material. If vapour, mists or fumes are generated, their concentration in the workplace air should be controlled to the lowest reasonably practicable level.
Protective clothing: Wear face visor or goggles in circumstances where eye contact can accidentally occur. If skin contact is likely, wear impervious protective clothing and/or gloves. Protective clothing should be regularly inspected and maintained; overalls should be dry-cleaned, laundered and preferably starched after use.
Respiratory protection: If operations are such that exposure to vapour, mist or fume may be anticipated, then suitable approved respiratory equipment should be worn. The use of respiratory equipment must be strictly in accordance with the manufacturers' instructions and any statutory requirements governing its selection and use.
9. Physical, chemical properties
Typical values: Grades: JET-A1 Test method units: Physical state liquid Colour colourless --> yellow Odour kerosine-like Boiling point/range ASTM D 86 °C 156 - 258 Density @ 15°C ASTM D 1298 kg/m3 804 Flash point (PMC) ASTM D 93 °C >38 Kinematic viscosity @ 20°C ASTM D 445 mm2/s 3.510. Stability and reactivity
Conditions to avoid: Stable at ambient temperatures. Hazardous polymerisation reactions will not occur.
Materials to avoid: Avoid contact with strong oxidizing agents.
Hazardous decomposition products: Thermal decomposition products will vary with conditions. Incomplete combustion will generate smoke, carbon dioxide and hazardous gases, including carbon monoxide.
11. Toxicological information
Eyes: Unlikely to cause more than transient stinging or redness if accidental eye contact occurs. May be irritating to eyes at high concentrations of vapour, mists or fumes.
Skin: Likely to cause skin irritation.
Ingestion: Unlikely to cause harm if accidentally swallowed in small doses, though larger quantities may cause nausea and diarrhoea. Will injure the lungs if aspiration occurs, eg. during vomiting.
Inhalation: May cause irritation to eyes, nose and throat due to exposure to vapour, mists or fumes.
12. Ecological information
Mobility: Spillages may penetrate the soil causing ground water contamination.
Persistence and degradability: This product is inherently biodegradable.
Bioaccumulative potential: There is no evidence to suggest bioaccumulation will occur.
Aquatic toxicity: Harmful to aquatic organisms and may cause long term effects in the aquatic environment Spills may form a film on water surfaces causing physical damage to organisms. Oxygen transfer could also be impaired. German WGK Classification: 2
13. Disposal considerations
Dispose of via an authorised person/ licensed waste disposal contractor in accordance with local regulations. Empty packages may contain some remaining product. Hazard warning labels are a guide to the safe handling of empty packaging and should not be removed.14. Transport information
ADR/RID: Kerosene, Flammable Liquid, Class 3 , Item 31 (c), Hazard Identification No 30>br> UN: KEROSENE, Flammable liquid, Class 3, Packing Group III, UN Number 1223 IATA/ICAO: Kerosene, Flammable liquid, Class 3, Packing Group III IMO: KEROSENE, Flammable liquid, Class 3.3, Packing Group III EMERGENCY ACTION CODE: Flammable liquid, 3[Y]15. Regulatory information
EU category of danger: Flammable Harmful Irritant
EU labelling: Symbol: St. Andrew's Cross Indication of danger: HARMFUL
Contains: Kerosine
Risk (R) phrases: R10 Flammable R38 Irritating to skin R65 Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed.
Safety (S) phrases: S24 Avoid contact with skin S23 Do not breathe vapour S43 - In case of fire use foam or dry powder. Never use water jets S62 If swallowed, do not induce vomiting: seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label. S61 Avoid release into the environment. Refer to special instructions/Safety data sheets.
16. Other information
Compiled by: Product Stewardship Group BP Oil Technology Centre Chertsey Road Sunbury-on-Thames Middlesex, TW16 7LN
This data sheet and the health, safety and environmental information it contains is considered to be accurate as of the date specified below. We have reviewed any information contained herein which we received from sources outside the BP Group of Companies. However, no warranty or representation, express or implied is made as to the accuracy or completeness of the data and information contained in this data sheet.
Health and safety precautions and environmental advice noted in this data sheet may not be accurate for all individuals and/or situations. It is the user's obligation to evaluate and use this product safely and to comply with all applicable laws and regulations. No statement made in this data sheet shall be construed as a permission, recommendation or authorization given or implied to practise any patented invention without a valid licence. The BP Group shall not be responsible for any damage or injury resulting from abnormal use of the material, from any failure to adhere to recommendations, or from any hazards inherent in the nature of the material.
"Mechanical birds" fly not on crude oil but jet fuel. But price trends are the same nevertheless. Fuel cost form the biggest component of any transport company's operating expenses. Ability/inability to pass on fuel cost increase could impact much on bottomline.
In good times, airlines could pass on the fuel cost increase. But if global economy decelerates leading to leaner times ahead, no transportation companies will be spared. Every transport companies will be fighting to survive to retain passengers. Instead of higher ticket prices, cut-throat offerings can be expected. Good time for holiday travel then.
