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Latest Posts By pharoah88
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| 15-Sep-2010 10:29 |
Genting Sing
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GenSp starts to move up again
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which broker[s] provides REAL TIME SYSTEM ? FREE or chargeable ?
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| 15-Sep-2010 10:22 |
GentingSMBeCW130103
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GENTING SMBLeCW130103 Expiry 2012 December
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Tue: 14 SEP 2010 prIce maTch [cOrrectIOn day] Genting SP L2PW 2012 DEC S$1.91~S$1.94 S$0.185 S$1.95~S$1.96 S$0.190 S$1.97~S$2.00 S$0.195 |
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| 15-Sep-2010 10:15 |
Teledata
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Teledata
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lOOks lIke HDB has nO fUtUre ? ? ? ?
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| 15-Sep-2010 10:14 |
Teledata
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Teledata
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nOw it is S$0.035 ? ? ? ? What happened ? ? ? ?
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| 15-Sep-2010 10:12 |
Teledata
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Teledata
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Teledata sued by ex-CEO Jo-ann Huang joannhuang@mediacorp.com.sg SINGAPORE Teledata has been sued by its former chief executive officer Christopher Michael Pan for alleged wrongful termination of his employment. In a filing to the Singapore Exchange yesterday, the company said that it received the writ of summons from Mr Pan on Sept 9, with a claim for $1.3 million. Teledata’s board of directors said the company would be contesting the claim “vigorously” and would be filing a counterclaim. The company had previously received a letter of demand by Mr Pan on Aug 20. In that letter, he had claimed $1.3 million for alleged wrongful termination of his employment, unspecified compensation for damage allegedly caused to his reputation, an apology and an indemnity for his legal costs and expenses. Mr Pan’s termination was announced on June 18. This was after he was voted off by a majority of shareholders, representing 71.6 per cent of shares, at Teledata’s annual general meeting held on April 30. Teledata said Mr Pan was terminated “on the grounds that he has committed acts tending to bring the company and/or himself into disrepute”. He was appointed as CEO in November last year, also taking over chairmanship duties from Mr Quek Chek Lan. Separately, the company announced yesterday the appointment of three new directors to its board. Ms Irene Valencia Goutama has been appointed as a non-executive director and Mr Lim Soon Hock and Mr Husni Heron as independent directors. The company added that Mr Wee Phui Gam had quit as an independent director. His resignation came after executive director Mr Rayson Hazra quit in August. Managing director Mr Howard Kim will also be stepping down on Sept 30. Mr Lim Jit Siew, chief financial officer of Teledata, is currently the only executive director left on the board. He remains despite previous attempts by major shareholder Meritus Resources to remove him. Teledata shares rose half a cent to 3.5 cents yesterday, giving it a market capitalisation of $42.7 million. The company had reported net losses of $2.5 million for its half year
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| 15-Sep-2010 10:09 |
All-S Equities Fin
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SINGAPORE BANKS - UOB + OCBC + DBS
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Sias to host corporate governance week SINGAPORE in the region are recognising the need for better corporate governance — something that can be achieved by increasing the level of communication between companies’ boards and investors, according to the Securities Investors Association Singapore (Sias). “Investors want to know how companies are ensuring independence on the board. If they are truly run by independent directors, it will be good for investors,” said Sias president and chief executive David Gerald yesterday. His comment came as Sias announced its first week-long corporate governance event slated for Oct 4 to 8. Highlights include the Asian Investors’ Corporate Governance Conference, the Investors Choice Awards, executive workshops and a seminar for Catalist-listed firms. It is targeting 400 participants, two thirds of which are expected to come from South-east Asia. The event also calls on companies to publish a statement of support for corporate governance in the media. — More organisations |
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| 15-Sep-2010 09:53 |
User Research/Opinions
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~~~~ CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ~~~~
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<><><>Sias to host corporate governance week<><><> SINGAPORE — More organisations in the region are recognising the need for better corporate governance — something that can be achieved by increasing the level of communication between companies’ boards and investors, according to the Securities Investors Association Singapore (Sias). <><><><><><><><>“Investors want to know how companies are ensuring independence on the board. If they are truly run by independent directors, it will be good for investors,” said Sias president and chief executive David Gerald yesterday. <><><><><><><><>His comment came as Sias announced its first week-long corporate governance event slated for Oct 4 to 8. <><><><><><><><>Highlights include the Asian Investors’ Corporate Governance Conference, the Investors Choice Awards, executive workshops and a seminar for Catalist-listed firms. It is targeting 400 participants, two thirds of which are expected to come from South-east Asia. The event also calls on companies to publish a statement of support for corporate governance in the media. | ||||||||||||||
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| 15-Sep-2010 09:50 |
Others
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GIC and Temasek
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'TOUGH SELL' means ? ? ? ? dUmpIng sUb-prIme JAPAN tOxIc assets ? ? ? ?
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| 15-Sep-2010 08:59 |
Others
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GIC and Temasek
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GIC may sell minority stake in logistics firm SINGAPORE According to a GLP develops and manages properties valued at more than US$8 billion. The report also quoted the sources — who attended a confidential meeting for fund managers arranged by a book runner — as saying that at the proposed valuations, the share offering would be a “tough sell” as the bulk of the assets are in Japan. According to the sources, GLP is forecast to post net earnings of US$231 million next year and US$277 million in 2012. The IPO’s bookbuilding is expected to start next Thursday and pricing is expected on Oct 8, the If successful, it would also be the largest IPO in Singapore, slightly above SingTel’s $4-billion IPO in 1993. — The Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) may sell just a minority stake in the listing of Global Logistic Properties (GLP) that is expected to raise a record US$3 billion ($4.01 billion).Reuters report yesterday that cited unnamed sources, GIC may offer shares of its logistics unit at 1.3 to 1.4 times book value in its initial public offering.Reuters report said. |
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| 15-Sep-2010 08:52 |
Genting Sing
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GenSp starts to move up again
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Wednesday: 15 SEPTEMBER 2010 PRIOR TO OPENING
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| 15-Sep-2010 08:49 |
Genting Sing
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GenSp starts to move up again
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Wednesday: 15 SEP 2010 PRIOR TO OPENING 08:36:12 1.935 1,351,000 X | ||||||||||||||
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| 15-Sep-2010 08:44 |
All-S Equities Fin
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SINGAPORE BANKS - UOB + OCBC + DBS
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China to launch credit default swaps But derivatives restricted to avoid pitfalls NEW YORK China will limit the amount of leverage used in CDS and will not permit the contracts to be written on high-risk assets such as sub-prime mortgages, Mr Shi Wenchao, the secretary general of the National Association of Financial Market Institutional Investors (Nafmii), told reporters at a briefing in New York. Crucially, investors in the derivatives will also be required to own the underlying security, Mr Shi said. “It’s too bad that we in America and in Europe did not have those kinds of limitations two or three years ago,” said Mr Donald Straszheim, International Strategy and Investment Group’s head of China research. “All of us around the world might be in a lot better shape than we are now. What’s most important is that their plans are to not allow this whole process to get out of control,” he added. CDS are derivatives that pay the buyer face value if a borrower fails to meet its obligations, less the value of the defaulted debt. Private swaps complicated efforts to solve the 2008 global credit crisis in the US when regulators and market users could not easily determine how interconnected banks had become through trading contracts. American International Group needed a federal bailout that swelled to US$182 billion ($243 billion) after losses fuelled by a unit that sold CDS on mortgage-linked debt to banks including Goldman Sachs. — China will introduce credit-default swaps (CDS) by the end of the year, allowing banks to hedge risk while restricting the contracts to avoid pitfalls the American credit markets experienced over the last several years, according to an official with a state-backed Chinese financial association.Neither Evil Nor Good“We believe CDS is a neutral risk-management tool. It is neither evil nor good,” said Mr Shi, whose group monitors the country’s interbank market and promotes innovation in financial products. “CDS in China is a management tool. There will be no repackaging or restructuring of risk,” he added. China is planning to introduce credit derivatives to help manage risk in the nation’s growing domestic bond market, he had said earlier at a June briefing in Beijing. Sales of yuan-denominated corporate bonds in China jumped to 496 billion yuan ($98 billion) last year from just 7.9 billion yuan in 2000, according to data compiled by The People’s Bank of China formed Nafmii in 2007 to help develop the country’s over-the-counter financial markets, which span bonds, loans, foreign exchange, commercial paper and gold. Last month, McDonald’s became the first foreign company to sell yuan-denominated bonds in Hong Kong with a 200 million yuan issue. Nafmii officials are in New York meeting with firms including Citigroup and JPMorgan Chase about the asset-backed securities market, Mr Shi said. The group also met with financial firms in Germany and Poland to discuss securitisation, he added. Chinese officials began discussions with bankers several years ago to learn about securitisation, he said. In 2007, AAA-rated securities backed by home loans tumbled in value with the onset of the sub-prime mortgage crisis, leading to US$1.8 trillion of losses worldwide. “We learned from the UK, Europe and the US. But we did find that there were problems with some of the teachers,” Mr Shi said.
It’s too bad that we in America and in Europe did not have those kind of limitations ... Mr Donald Straszheim, International Strategy and Investment Group’s head of China Research |
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| 15-Sep-2010 08:33 |
Trading Techniques
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<> E T F <> [LONG & SHORT]
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Did You Know? Should the liquidity of ETFs be determined based solely on its trading volume? The trading volume of an ETF should not be the only measure of liquidity given that ETFs are open-ended funds, where new units can be created or redeemed in the primary market. For most of the ETFs listed on the Singapore Exchange (SGX), there is a Designated Market Maker to provide liquidity by quoting bid/ask prices throughout the trading day, even if there is no trading volume for that ETF. A small trading volume on screen does not imply low liquidity as the market maker can always create new units to meet the large volume demand at any time. |
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| 15-Sep-2010 08:30 |
Trading Techniques
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<> E T F <> [LONG & SHORT]
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Understanding the potential of ETFs The Asian Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) market has grown rapidly over the past decade and is poised for even more growth in years to come. Much of this is due to the convenience and flexibility that ETFs offer. The key to tapping the full potential of ETFs is that institutions fully understand the types of ETFs available on the market and how they can be used. A Vision Focus report published earlier this year by State Street Global Advisors – which has pioneered ETFs — noted that ETF assets in the region have grown by an annual average of more than 40 percent over the past few years, and that level of growth is expected to continue. The report titled Exchange Traded Funds: Maximising the Opportunities for International Investors also illustrated how some institutional investors employ ETFs for optimal effect. These include cash equitisation, completion and core-satellite strategies, strategic asset allocation and tax management. Having an ETF in one’s portfolio delivers diversification benefits. An ETF can help an investor manage risk by giving access to previously inaccessible markets, asset classes, sectors and investment styles. With the introduction of gold ETFs, such as the SPDR Gold Shares, investors have a more convenient avenue to gain exposure to the world gold price, without having to actually hold physical bullion. In 2006, SPDR Gold Shares, an ETF listed on markets around the world, was cross-listed on the Singapore Exchange (SGX). According to SGX, SPDR Gold Shares was among the top three most actively-traded ETFs (by value) in Singapore for the first seven months of the year. The Asia-Pacific ETF market has expanded in recent years as investors are attracted by the benefits ETFs can offer, such as diversification, cost efficiency, and transparency. ETFs are traded like a stock, and continuously traded throughout the day. They also offer the potential for margin trading and short-selling, unlike other types of funds. ETFs can be used by institutional investors to improve their asset allocation, and cash management, and during transition management to keep assets fully invested during transition. |
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| 15-Sep-2010 08:23 |
Trading Techniques
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TRADING < WARRANT >
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Index warrants ins and outs Hang Seng Index Warrants Warrant Stock Type Strike HSI 22000 MER ECW101029 ----- L5WW ----- Call ----- 22000 HSI 20500 MER EPW101029 ----- L5SW ----- Put ----- 20500 For more information, please visit www.mlwarrants.com.sg A warrant is a leveraged product that can allow investors to achieve high potential returns with a small capital outlay. It requires investors to have a strong view of the market at a specific time horizon. Investors generally prefer warrants with high turnover as they believe that warrant turnover is an indication of where the market focus lies. A Bloomberg report noted that there were 31 underlying assets related to warrants traded on the Singapore Exchange (SGX) as of September 6. Of these, warrants related to Hong Kong’s Hang Seng Index (HSI) have the highest turnover in Singapore, as compared to warrants with other underlying assets. According to Reuters and Bloomberg, HSI-related warrants accounted for approximately 53.4 per cent of the total warrants turnover in Singapore from Sept 1 to 7; and 39 of the 217 warrants traded on the SGX as of Sept 7 were related to the HSI. Tenor and effective gearing From Sept 1 to 7, more than 90 per cent of actively-traded HSI warrants are those with shorter tenor, where the time to expiry is less than 60 days. The effective gearing of these warrants ranges from 11 to 22 times. Effective gearing is an estimate of how much the warrant price would change in percentage terms for a 1 per cent change in the share price. As the HSI ended 2.5 per cent lower in August, an investor can enjoy potential capital gains if he bought put warrants. Investors trading short-dated warrants should be mindful of the impact of time decay on the value of warrants. Another characteristic of HSI warrants is its bid-ask spread, which is comparatively tighter than other warrants. As the index has good liquidity, warrant issuers are able to provide a tight spread. Sensitivities Watch When trading index warrants, investors should find out about the sensitivity of the warrant price to changes in the index in order to understand the potential upside and downside. Warrant sensitivities watch is indicative and is based on the index trading around the specific Hang Seng index level, which is referenced to the closing level on the last day. Warrant prices are likely to change with movements in the index and changes in implied volatility. |
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| 14-Sep-2010 21:31 |
Others
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TRADE FREELY & LiVE LONGER
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Have you truly thought out how to live those sunset years to the fullest? Cheng Huang Leng I retired in 2000 at the age of 52. I am now 61, and I thought I should share my experiences because I have seen too many friends and neighbours get so bored that they have become a nuisance to their spouse, children and others. KEEP FIT, SHARP AND USEFUL There are others who say that when the retire, they will read all the books they have bought over the years. I know of one guy who fell asleep after a few pages! He discovered that he did not like to read after all. We do change and we may not enjoy the hobbies we once did. What also changes when you retire, is that you wake up to a new routine — one that you must establish for yourself. A good routine should keep your body, mind and spirit sharpened, and comprise: • One weekly physical sport. Keep fit so as to enjoy your retirement. If you are not into sports, fire your maid and clean your home without mechanical aids. Dancing and baby-sitting are good alternatives. • One weekly mind-stimulating activity, such as writing, studying for a degree, acquiring a new skill, solving puzzles or teaching. The day you stop using your brain is the day you start to die. • One weekly social activity. Get yourself accepted as a member to at least three interest groups. You need friends more than ever as you get older. • One weekly community service activity. You need to give to appreciate what you have taken in this life. It’s good to leave some kind of legacy. The other three days of the week should be devoted to family. In this way, you maintain a balance between amusing yourself and your family members. Any spare time should remain “spare” so that you can capitalise on opportunities that come your way, such as an unexpected request to handle a project. Despite your busy routine, you will at times be bored. Then it’s time to turn to your Bucket List of the things to do before you kick the bucket. You need these to have something to look forward to. They could include trips and pilgrimages, visiting old friends and relatives abroad or re-doing your home. Ultimately, if you can afford to retire and want to do so, start preparing now to live your sunset years to their fullest. A few solved the problem by going back to work. They were able to do so because they have a skill/expertise that is still in demand. The rest live aimlessly or are waiting to die — a very sad situation indeed. Do not retire until you meet all four of these pre-conditions: Your children are financially independent; you have zero liabilities; your have enough savings to support your lifestyle for the rest of your life; and, most importantly, you know what you will be doing during your retirement. The problem cases I know of failed to meet the last pre-condition. When asked: “What would you be doing during your retirement?”, some replied: “I will travel/cruise and see the world”. They did that, some for three months, and then ran out of ideas. The golfers replied: “I can play golf every day.” But most could not because they were no longer fit to play well enough to enjoy the game. Those who could had another hurdle — they needed to the find “kakis” to play with. It’s the same with mahjong, bridge, badminton, trekking and karaoke — you need “kakis”. Many people cannot find others who share their favourite passion (or, if they do, a few discover they are not welcome, like my obnoxious neighbour whom everyone avoids). So, form your groups before you retire: Identify your “kakis”, play with them and discover if they “click” with you. |
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| 14-Sep-2010 21:21 |
User Research/Opinions
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%%%% WORLD ECONOMIC SUMMIT %%%%
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Corruption and growth: Distant cousins?
Does corruption affect economic growth?
The Indian example does not indicate so.
At a time when the impending Commonwealth Games in India are mired in controversies over widespread corruption, India’s economic growth story reports a vigorous rebound.
The global financial crisis and the resultant economic deceleration appear to be a distant past in India with the latest GDP estimate showing a growth of 8.8 per cent.
The robust growth might encourage some to contend that scandals over bribes and money laundering have not affected India’s growth performance and economic outlook. Indeed it is not only corruption surrounding the Commonwealth Games that does not appear to have made a difference.
Corruption in India as such does not appear to have dented India’s economic outlook and long term growth prospects.
These notions, however, are entirely counter-productive. India’s ability to grow at high rates despite corruption is a testimony to the zeal and productivity of its dynamic private sector. Such zeal would have produced even better results had businesses in India not had to deal with costs of large-scale corruption.
In matters of corruption, India is in fairly illustrious company.
Most major emerging market economies such as China, Brazil, South Africa and Indonesia, suffer from certain varieties of corrupt practices.
The nature and scale of these practices, however, vary widely between these countries.
Most emerging market economies are still in the throes of transition as far as their economic systems, institutions, business practices and corporate rules and regulations are concerned. These countries are at a particularly delicate stage of their financial development where external businesses and agencies often find their rules and regulations complex and mutually inconsistent. In several cases such rules are surprising in terms of both their simplicity as well as complexity.
In India, for example, a bank account can be opened well within an hour while obtaining a certificate for fire safety may require months. Delays such as those in the latter have resulted in growth of intermediaries who promise to get the job done in return for money.
The author is Head (Development & Programmes) and a visiting senior research fellow at the Institute of South Asian Studies (Isas) at the National University of Singapore. He is an economist specialising in international trade and foreign investment. He worked in India’s Ministry of Finance for a decade and handled India’s external sector, industrial and infrastructure policies. The opinions expressed are his own.
One-third of Indians are ‘utterly corrupt’, says former watchdog chief
Almost one-third of Indians are “utterly corrupt” and half are “borderline”, says the outgoing head of the country’s corruption watchdog.
Mr Pratyush Sinha, who retired as India’s Central Vigilance Commissioner last week, said the worst part of his “thankless job” was observing how corruption had increased as people became more materialistic.
“When we were growing up, I remember if somebody was corrupt, they were generally looked down upon,” he said.
“There was at least some social stigma attached to it.
That is gone. So there is greater social acceptance.”
Transparency International, the global anti-graft body, puts India 84th on its corruption perception index with a 3.4-point rating, out of a best possible score of 10.
Recent corruption scandals in India have focused on construction projects for the Commonwealth Games that open in New Delhi next month and alleged tax evasion in the lucrative Indian Premier League (IPL) cricket tournament. India is also regarded as a hotbed of illegal betting syndicates.
The group has said that each year millions of poor Indian families have to bribe officials for access to basic public services. There are occasions, when even paying bribes does not help.
Due to multiple layers involved in the procedures, an intermediary might often be able to clear some, but not all, leaving his hapless client high and dry.
India is a typical example of competition having improved efficiencies somewhere but inefficiencies still persisting elsewhere. While banking and financial services are examples of higher efficiencies, municipal and civic services are not. These services are still monopolised by state agencies with the latter known for promoting corruption.
It is hardly surprising that the scandal over commonwealth games has again highlighted the tainted facet of land and urban agencies.
Controls can often be incentives for corruption.
In India, multiple procedures have created multiple controllers. Inspectors and administrators issuing licenses and permits are usually poorly paid.
They use their monopoly power to issue permits for taking bribes to supplement their incomes. Poor salaries are inducements to corruption in other countries as well.
In India the problem gets complicated due to lack of accountability.
Excessive authority vested with local governments in China has resulted in occasional corrupt practices particularly in real estate transactions.
But incentives encouraging dishonesty accompanied by improper enforcement of penalties has made the problem worse in India.
Giving bribes for obtaining services has become a preferred and ‘efficient’ process compared to the normal formal channel.
Equal willingness to take and give bribes have made abetting corruption a ‘win-win’ situation. A difficult place for doing business is bound to have problems of corruption.
India is a difficult place in this respect as is China. China though, is several ranks above India in business rating indices.
The perplexing issue is why China and India are among the fastest growing economies as well as among the largest recipients of foreign investment despite being poor places for doing business. Clearly the size and depth of both markets are phenomenal. The returns on investment from both are higher than other comparable markets.
These attributes probably outweigh the disadvantages of difficulties faced in doing business.
China is being a relatively less difficult business place than India is one of many factors behind its getting more investment.
For investors looking at India, it is better to accept that difficulties in doing business and corruption will exist along with the prospects of high returns.
The only consolation is that the benefits from the latter can indeed be high enough to more than compensate costs of the former. |
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| 14-Sep-2010 21:02 |
User Research/Opinions
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%%%% WORLD ECONOMIC SUMMIT %%%%
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worker salaries are lower and lower ? ? ? ? yet product prices are hIgher and hIgher ? ? ? ?
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| 14-Sep-2010 20:59 |
User Research/Opinions
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%%%% WORLD ECONOMIC SUMMIT %%%%
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Garment workers see red over pay PHNOM PENH About 60,000 workers seeking higher wages joined the action at more than 40 factories, out of a total of about 470 across the country, said Mr Ath Thun, president of the Cambodian Labour Confederation. “We will continue the strike until there is an appropriate negotiation,” he told reporters. The strike follows a deal between the government and industry that set the minimum wage for garment and footwear staff at US$61 ($82) a month. Unions say the salary is not enough to cover food, housing and travel expenses, and want a base salary of US$93. They had hoped that more than 80,000 workers would join the walkout. Mr Ath Thun said threats by employers to fire strikers were partly to blame for the lower than expected participation. Manufacturers warned that the strike will result in a loss of production and a drop in orders from buyers, harming Cambodia’s standing among investors. “It will badly affect the reputation of the industry because the unions in question do not obey the law,” said Mr Ken Loo, secretary-general of the Garment Manufacturers’ Association in Cambodia. Cambodia’s garment industry — which produces items for renowned brands including Gap, Benetton, Adidas and Puma — is a key source of foreign income for the country and employs about 345,000 workers. — Tens of thousands of Cambodian garment workers began a week-long strike yesterday — the latest mass walkout by employees in Asia who are demanding a bigger share of the region’s economic success.AFP |
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| 14-Sep-2010 20:52 |
All-S Equities Fin
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SINGAPORE BANKS - UOB + OCBC + DBS
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Getting tough on banks S’pore lenders not affected ? Analysts BASEL Banks in Singapore are largely unaffected by the new rules as they are way ahead of the requirements, analysts said. The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) yesterday said: “Singapore-incorporated banks, which have been subject to MAS’ conservative capital requirements, are well-capitalised and are adequately placed to meet these new global standards.” “MAS will review our capital standards in consultation with industry and if necessary, revise our current requirements.” Brokerage research house DMG said: “We see minimal impact on the three Singapore banks as their current capital adequacy ratios are way in excess of the Basel requirements.” DBS Group, the largest bank in Singapore, said: “We welcome the harmonisation of global capital standards for banks.” OCBC chief financial officer Soon Tit Koon also welcomed the rules, saying: “We are glad to see the greater clarity provided by the new Basel release. We will continue to generate common equity through earnings accumulation over the next few years. Our scrip dividend scheme has also helped to preserve our common equity.” UOB said the rules “provided more clarity and the timeline for implementation is also more generous than the original Dec 2009 proposal.” As of June this year, DBS Group had Tier 1 capital ratio of 13.1 per cent, according to DMG. That compares with 15.1 per cent for UOB and 15.3 per cent for OCBC. The new rules, called Basel III, will require lenders to have common equity equal to at least 7 per cent of assets, weighted according to their risk, including a 2.5-per-cent buffer to withstand future stress, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) said on Sunday. Banks that fail to meet the buffer would be unable to pay dividends, though not forced to raise cash, said the BIS. The definitions of what counts as capital and how risk is assessed have also been tightened. Banks will have less than five years to comply with the minimum ratios — 4.5 per cent common equity and 6 per cent Tier 1 — and until Jan 1, 2019, to meet the buffer requirements, the BIS said. Tier 1 capital, whose definition has been narrowed, includes common equity and perpetual preferred stock. Banks are currently required to have common equity equal to 2 per cent of total assets and 4 per cent Tier 1 capital. — Regulators looking to rein in the sort of risk-taking that caused the last financial crisis have reached a compromise in Switzerland that more than doubles capital requirements for the world’s banks while giving them as long as eight years to comply.Agencies |
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